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Springboot Security

Spring Security best practices for authn/authz, validation, CSRF, secrets, headers, rate limiting, and dependency security in Java Spring Boot services. Use when reviewing Spring Security authn/authz, validation, CSRF, secrets, headers, or rate limiting.

affaan-m on GitHub

Curated by PromptsEdge from a public repo · MIT license. All credit goes to the author.

What is this skill?

Use when adding auth, handling input, creating endpoints, or dealing with secrets.

When to use

  • Adding authentication (JWT, OAuth2, session-based)
  • Implementing authorization (@PreAuthorize, role-based access)
  • Validating user input (Bean Validation, custom validators)
  • Configuring CORS, CSRF, or security headers
  • Managing secrets (Vault, environment variables)
  • Adding rate limiting or brute-force protection
  • Scanning dependencies for CVEs

Authentication

  • Prefer stateless JWT or opaque tokens with revocation list
  • Use httpOnly, Secure, SameSite=Strict cookies for sessions
  • Validate tokens with OncePerRequestFilter or resource server
java
@Component
public class JwtAuthFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private final JwtService jwtService;

  public JwtAuthFilter(JwtService jwtService) {
    this.jwtService = jwtService;
  }

  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String header = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION);
    if (header != null && header.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
      String token = header.substring(7);
      Authentication auth = jwtService.authenticate(token);
      SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(auth);
    }
    chain.doFilter(request, response);
  }
}

Authorization

  • Enable method security: @EnableMethodSecurity
  • Use @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')") or @PreAuthorize("@authz.canEdit(#id)")
  • Deny by default; expose only required scopes
java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/admin")
public class AdminController {

  @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")
  @GetMapping("/users")
  public List<UserDto> listUsers() {
    return userService.findAll();
  }

  @PreAuthorize("@authz.isOwner(#id, authentication)")
  @DeleteMapping("/users/{id}")
  public ResponseEntity<Void> deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
    userService.delete(id);
    return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
  }
}

Input Validation

  • Use Bean Validation with @Valid on controllers
  • Apply constraints on DTOs: @NotBlank, @Email, @Size, custom validators
  • Sanitize any HTML with a whitelist before rendering
java
// BAD: No validation
@PostMapping("/users")
public User createUser(@RequestBody UserDto dto) {
  return userService.create(dto);
}

// GOOD: Validated DTO
public record CreateUserDto(
    @NotBlank @Size(max = 100) String name,
    @NotBlank @Email String email,
    @NotNull @Min(0) @Max(150) Integer age
) {}

@PostMapping("/users")
public ResponseEntity<UserDto> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserDto dto) {
  return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED)
      .body(userService.create(dto));
}

SQL Injection Prevention

  • Use Spring Data repositories or parameterized queries
  • For native queries, use :param bindings; never concatenate strings
java
// BAD: String concatenation in native query
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + name + "'", nativeQuery = true)

// GOOD: Parameterized native query
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = :name", nativeQuery = true)
List<User> findByName(@Param("name") String name);

// GOOD: Spring Data derived query (auto-parameterized)
List<User> findByEmailAndActiveTrue(String email);

Password Encoding

  • Always hash passwords with BCrypt or Argon2 — never store plaintext
  • Use PasswordEncoder bean, not manual hashing
java
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
  return new BCryptPasswordEncoder(12); // cost factor 12
}

// In service
public User register(CreateUserDto dto) {
  String hashedPassword = passwordEncoder.encode(dto.password());
  return userRepository.save(new User(dto.email(), hashedPassword));
}

CSRF Protection

  • For browser session apps, keep CSRF enabled; include token in forms/headers
  • For pure APIs with Bearer tokens, disable CSRF and rely on stateless auth
java
http
  .csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable())
  .sessionManagement(sm -> sm.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS));

Secrets Management

  • No secrets in source; load from env or vault
  • Keep application.yml free of credentials; use placeholders
  • Rotate tokens and DB credentials regularly
yaml
# BAD: Hardcoded in application.yml
spring:
  datasource:
    password: mySecretPassword123

# GOOD: Environment variable placeholder
spring:
  datasource:
    password: ${DB_PASSWORD}

# GOOD: Spring Cloud Vault integration
spring:
  cloud:
    vault:
      uri: https://vault.example.com
      token: ${VAULT_TOKEN}

Security Headers

java
http
  .headers(headers -> headers
    .contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
      .policyDirectives("default-src 'self'"))
    .frameOptions(HeadersConfigurer.FrameOptionsConfig::sameOrigin)
    .xssProtection(Customizer.withDefaults())
    .referrerPolicy(rp -> rp.policy(ReferrerPolicyHeaderWriter.ReferrerPolicy.NO_REFERRER)));

CORS Configuration

  • Configure CORS at the security filter level, not per-controller
  • Restrict allowed origins — never use * in production
java
@Bean
public CorsConfigurationSource corsConfigurationSource() {
  CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration();
  config.setAllowedOrigins(List.of("https://app.example.com"));
  config.setAllowedMethods(List.of("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"));
  config.setAllowedHeaders(List.of("Authorization", "Content-Type"));
  config.setAllowCredentials(true);
  config.setMaxAge(3600L);

  UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource();
  source.registerCorsConfiguration("/api/**", config);
  return source;
}

// In SecurityFilterChain:
http.cors(cors -> cors.configurationSource(corsConfigurationSource()));

Rate Limiting

  • Apply Bucket4j or gateway-level limits on expensive endpoints
  • Log and alert on bursts; return 429 with retry hints
java
// Using Bucket4j for per-endpoint rate limiting
@Component
public class RateLimitFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private final Map<String, Bucket> buckets = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  private Bucket createBucket() {
    return Bucket.builder()
        .addLimit(Bandwidth.classic(100, Refill.intervally(100, Duration.ofMinutes(1))))
        .build();
  }

  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String clientIp = request.getRemoteAddr();
    Bucket bucket = buckets.computeIfAbsent(clientIp, k -> createBucket());

    if (bucket.tryConsume(1)) {
      chain.doFilter(request, response);
    } else {
      response.setStatus(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS.value());
      response.getWriter().write("{\"error\": \"Rate limit exceeded\"}");
    }
  }
}

Dependency Security

  • Run OWASP Dependency Check / Snyk in CI
  • Keep Spring Boot and Spring Security on supported versions
  • Fail builds on known CVEs

Logging and PII

  • Never log secrets, tokens, passwords, or full PAN data
  • Redact sensitive fields; use structured JSON logging

File Uploads

  • Validate size, content type, and extension
  • Store outside web root; scan if required

Checklist Before Release

  • Auth tokens validated and expired correctly
  • Authorization guards on every sensitive path
  • All inputs validated and sanitized
  • No string-concatenated SQL
  • CSRF posture correct for app type
  • Secrets externalized; none committed
  • Security headers configured
  • Rate limiting on APIs
  • Dependencies scanned and up to date
  • Logs free of sensitive data

Remember: Deny by default, validate inputs, least privilege, and secure-by-configuration first.

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